What is traumatic brain injury (TBI)?

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is defined as damage to the brain caused by external mechanical forces. This can include impacts from falls, vehicle accidents, blows to the head, or penetrating injuries such as gunshot wounds. The defining characteristic of TBI is the external force that results in temporary or permanent brain dysfunction. This condition can manifest in a variety of ways, including cognitive impairments, mood changes, and physical disabilities, depending on the severity and location of the injury.

The focus on "external mechanical forces" is critical because it distinguishes TBI from other neurological conditions that do not involve trauma to the brain itself, such as those caused by internal physiological processes or systemic issues. For instance, conditions like strokes or oxygen deprivation (hypoxia) do not fall under the category of TBI since they involve internal factors affecting the brain rather than an outside force causing injury. Understanding the precise nature of TBI helps medical professionals provide appropriate interventions and care for affected individuals.